Amino acids are organic compounds that contain amino[a] (- NH+3) and carboxylate (- CO- 2) functional groups, along with a side chain (R group) specific to each amino acid. The elements present in every amino acid are carbon (C), hydrogen (H), oxygen (O), and nitrogen (N) (CHON); in addition sulfur (S) is present in the side chains of cysteine and methionine. Amino acids are molecules that combine to form proteins.
Amino Acids Derivatives are any derivative of an amino acid resulting from reaction at an amino group, carboxy group, side-chain functional group, or from the replacement of any hydrogen by a heteroatom.

Biochemicals refer to the naturally occurring chemical substances in biological systems. Biochemical reagents refer to any chemical that is found in a biological system or that can be used for biological research. Biochemical reagents include molecules like amino acids, vitamins, carbohydrates, nucleosides and nucleotides that are essential to life. Biochemical reagents also include organic and inorganic chemicals that have life science applications.

Biological buffers are organic substances that maintain a constant pH over a given range by neutralizing the effects of hydrogen ions. Buffers also provide a pH environment conducive to critical biochemical processes, wherein a significant change in pH can lead to a harmful change in molecular structure, biological activity or functions. They keep the pH constant by taking up protons which are released during reactions, or by releasing protons when they are consumed by reactions. Buffers are a vital component for modeling biological systems and have many uses in cell culture, molecular biology, nucleic acid, protein purification, transformation and transfections.

Carbohydrates are important biological macromolecules that consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen in a 1:2:1 ratio. Carbohydrates are organic compounds organized in the form of aldehydes or ketones with multiple hydroxyl groups coming off the carbon chain. Carbohydrates are the most abundant organic compounds in living organisms. Their major function in living systems is the storage and transport of energy. They can also have structural, informational, recognition, and protective functions. Monosaccharides, the simplest carbohydrate units, are commonly known as æsimple sugars. Chains of more than one sugar are called oligosaccharides. Along with proteins and fats, carbohydrates are one of three main nutrients found in foods and drinks.

Nucleosides and nucleotides are closely involved in the preservation and transmission of the genetic information of all living creatures. Nucleosides are made of a nitrogenous base, usually either a purine or pyrimidine, and a five-carbon carbohydrate ribose. Five major nucleoside bases are common in human biology, including the purines (two-ring structure) adenine and guanine (top) and the pyrimidines (one-ring structure) cytosine, uracil, and thymine (middle). A nucleotide is simply a nucleoside with an additional phosphate group or groups. Polynucleotides containing the carbohydrate ribose are known as ribonucleotide or RNA. Nucleotides are the molecular building-blocks of DNA and RNA. Purine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound composed of a pyrimidine ring fused with imidazole ring. Pyrimidine is a heterocyclic aromatic organic compound that is composed of carbon and hydrogen.

In a chemical reaction or mechanism, any reacting species which is no longer starting material or reactant, and has not yet become product, and which is not a transition state is called Intermediates. All the substances generated by one step and used for the succeeding step are considered intermediates. In organic chemistry, the term “reagent” denotes a chemical ingredient (a compound or mixture, typically of inorganic or small organic molecules) introduced to cause the desired transformation of an organic substance.

A salt is defined as the neutral ionic compound formed by chemical combination of acid and base, or through neutralization. Salts are formed when the ions are joined together by an ionic bond and when dissolved by a solvent such as water would dissociate into ions (other than H+ or OH–). An inorganic salt is one that does not contain C-H bonds as opposed to an organic salt that contains C-H bonds.

A coenzyme is an organic non-protein compound that binds with an enzyme to catalyze a reaction. Coenzymes are often broadly called cofactors, but they are chemically different. A coenzyme cannot function alone, but can be reused several times when paired with an enzyme. To catalyze a reaction, an enzyme will grab on (bind) to one or more reactant molecules. These molecules are the enzyme’s substrates.

Biological Stain is when applied in the microscopic image it highlights the different constituents, for example, muscle fiber, connecting tissues, DNA/RNA, cell populations, or organelles inside the different cells. These Biological Stains are mostly used in the staining process in laboratories by scientists to bring to light the characteristics of tissues or cells and further visualize them. Functionally, dyes and stains are extremely critical in biochemistry, molecular biology and microbiological research work, and no microscopic analysis work is possible without them.

A vitamin is an organic molecule that is an essential micronutrient which an organism needs in small quantities for the proper functioning of its metabolism. Essential nutrients cannot be synthesized in the organism, either at all or not in sufficient quantities, and therefore must be obtained through the diet. Vitamins have diverse biochemical functions.

Cross-linking is the process of chemically joining two or more molecules by a covalent bond. Linkers are short amino acid sequences created in nature to separate multiple domains in a single protein & a ligand is an ion or molecule that binds to a central metal atom to form a coordination complex.

An antimicrobial is an agent that kills microorganisms or stops their growth. Antimicrobial medicines can be grouped according to the microorganisms they act primarily against. For example, antibiotics are used against bacteria, and antifungals are used against fungi. An antibiotic is a type of antimicrobial substance active against bacteria. It is the most important type of antibacterial agent for fighting bacterial infections, and antibiotic medications are widely used in the treatment and prevention of such infections.

Quaternary ammonium compounds (QACs) are cationic salts of organically substituted ammonium compounds and have a fairly broad range of activity against microorganisms, although more effective against Gram-positive bacteria at lower concentrations than Gram-negative bacteria. They are used for a variety of purposes including as preservatives, surfactants, antistatic agents and as active ingredients in disinfectants and sanitizers.

Ion Pairing Reagents are use as mobile phase additives, which allow the separation of ionic and highly polar substances on reversed phase HPLC columns. An ion pair reagent is added to enhance peak shape and retention time. The ion pairing agent must be oppositely charged than the analyte and must have good hydrophobicity.